Jsonapi serializer

Jsonapi serializer. com", "name" => "John Doe"} Notice that in Rails you can call the #to_json method on a model instance. Deserialize<WeatherForecast>(jsonString, options); Here's example JSON with camel case property names. 0 - June 22, 2020 (21. store is required can be anything that implements a #fetch(record, **options, &block) method: record is the record that is currently serialized Jun 13, 2019 · Using the serializer. This is a big deal. Configure<JsonOptions> to set our Serializer setting in DI container from . JSONAPI::Serializers is a simple library for serializing Ruby objects and their relationships into the JSON:API format. {. 1. For compile time, add [JsonIgnore] as suggested in the above answer. I came across this myself, but I've found that the same answer with some additional info is in this SO question and answer. Http; Secondly, if you want to get the JSON serialiser settings that are being used by the framework, you can extract them from the DI container: var jsonOptions = context. public class WeatherForecast. An automated suite of tests to explore the performance of the JSON:API serialization implementations in Ruby. Json; namespace SerializeBasic. rails g serializer user id email name In addition to the #[Groups] attribute, the Serializer component also supports YAML or XML files. 0 Use source-generation defaults. 2. As suggested in the exception I added the following line to avoid failure on empty beans: For Jackson 1. Other libraries such as blueprinter jsonapi-serializer evaluate serializers in the context of a class instead of an instance of a class. SerializerSettings. Serialize (Stream, Object, Type, JsonSerializerContext) Converts the provided value to UTF-8 encoded JSON text and write it to the Stream. 1,429 1 1 gold badge 18 18 silver badges 37 37 bronze badges. SerializerSettings property in the HttpConfiguration object. Oct 25, 2023 · To write JSON to a string or to a file, call the JsonSerializer. If you want to take dependency on a particular version of the library that is not present in the BOM, add the direct dependency to your project as follows. Json; string json = JsonConvert. Zero dependencies . IgnoreNullValues = true); – Nalin Jayasuriya. The serialization. Serialization days. The following example creates JSON as a string: C#. Enter rails console in development environment again: rails console. Json namespace provides functionality for serializing to and deserializing from JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). This is the only typescript-compatible library that fully types the JSON:API specification and performs proper serialization. 8</version> </dependency>. Now to the question. This is a JSON API serializer for Fortune. SerializeObject(listTop10); Update: you can also add it to your project via the NuGet Package Manager (Tools --> NuGet Package Manager --> Package Manager Console): May 18, 2018 · I dont really understand the main problem or intention of this thread but I think saulyasar misformulated his question. 5 KB) Runtime Dependencies (1): activesupport >= 4. The naming scheme follows the ModuleName::ClassNameSerializer for an instance of the ModuleName::ClassName. The second parameter is the serialization options. jsonapiserializer jsonapi json:api json. 新し目のライブラリなのでまだまだ足りないところはありそうですが、 今後に期待といったところですかね。 JSONAPI::Resources. class UserSerializer include FastJsonapi::ObjectSerializer attributes :text end. IdRequired — Confirm the id key is present in %{data: data} and that it matches the resource's id in the URI. We want to ensure that with every change on this library, serialization time is at least 25 times faster than Active Model Serializers on up to current benchmark of 1000 records. Runtime. NET, . Users can also Serialize JSON File by uploading the file. Tried ArraySerializer as well, with no success: ActiveModel::Serializer::ArraySerializer. Stop the spring Rails application preloader: spring stop. Instructs the System. $ npm install fortune fortune-http fortune-json-api. Firstly, JSONAPI-RB follows the JSON API specification, which is a set of rules for Aug 2, 2016 · WebAPI, by default use JSON. rb. org spec in go. Json. You may also pass custom function for serialization and a second optional one for deserialization. Serialize an object. com/google/jsonapi. For the non-generic overloads, you Jan 5, 2021 · You can customize the JsonSerializerSettings by using the Formatters. ' So, in your controller you should use: render json: JSONAPI::Serializer. createParser (jsonString) Returns a new JSON parser. HttpConfiguration config = GlobalConfiguration. A resource-focused Rails library for developing JSON:API compliant servers Aug 13, 2020 · gem 'jsonapi-serializer'. The gem also enforces performance testing as a discipline. This way, Encoders will only deal with turning specific formats into arrays and vice versa. Serialization To serialize, all your referenced classes should implement the Serializable interface, which requires an implementation of toMap , a simple map of key and value properties. Json source generator to generate source code to help optimize performance when serializing and deserializing instances of the specified type and types in its object graph. FAIL_ON_EMPTY_BEANS, false); For Jackson 2. Using a custom naming policy for property names and dictionary keys. public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) services. azure</groupId> <artifactId>azure-core-serializer-json-gson</artifactId> <version>1. That object can then be saved to a database or transferred over a network. The following code shows Jun 30, 2023 · json_serializable 6. deserialize json-api online. AddControllers(). However, in the context of Pydantic, there is a very close relationship between Jan 8, 2024 · Serialization is the process of converting an object into a stream of bytes. Migrate from 2. myObjectMapper. Dec 30, 2014 · ActiveModel::Serializer::CollectionSerializer. 0 - March 11, 2021 (22. Configuration; The following are methods for JSON. As you can see, the attributes for creators and Serialize (Utf8JsonWriter, Object, Type, JsonSerializerContext) Writes one JSON value (including objects or arrays) to the provided writer. AddJsonOptions (options => options. Got questions about NuGet or the NuGet Gallery? Status. exs file you can use camel_cased recommended by upcoming JSON:API 1. Or, see Alternative Installation. Json Serializable Attribute. ContentTypeNegotiation — Requires the Content-Type and Accept headers are set correctly. class UserSequel < Sequel::Model (:users) end class User < ActiveRecord::Base end. On each individual call to serialize or serializeAsync, there is an parameter to override the options of any registered type. ⚠️ This is LEGACY documentation for a feature that is no longer encouraged to be used. You can use it as a template to jumpstart your development with this pre-built solution. – The Symfony documentation. JSON Serialization uses a notion of “structured” JSON: you create a class or structure to describe what variables you want to store in your JSON data. Oct 21, 2023 · class ProductSerializer belongs_to :seller do |serializer, seller| serializer. js, which implements all of the features in the base specification, and follows the recommendations as much as possible. Feature. Serializing enum values as strings, with or without a naming Apr 29, 2022 · We can try to use builder. For . I am a bit lost getting on board fast_jsonapi / active_model_serializers to build an API. using System. deserialize (jsonString, apexType) Deserializes the specified JSON string into an Apex object of the specified type. Multiple attributes. For run time, JsonConverter needs to be added into the options. go get -u github. However, that serializer is used when the request to your site is made with a requested content type of JSON. The opposite operation, extracting an object from a series of bytes, is deserialization. Deserialize (Utf8Json Reader, Json Type Info) Reads one JSON value (including objects or arrays) from the provided reader into an instance specified by the jsonTypeInfo. C#. But both require a non-trivial amount of cache invalidation configuration, given resources can be returned from any number of endpoints. yaml or serialization. new(PostResource). For the generic overloads, the generic type parameter is the . This type was intended to provide serialization and deserialization functionality for AJAX-enabled applications. ResourceSerializer has a serialize_to_hash method that takes a resource instance or array of resource instances to serialize. For example: [Serializable] public class MyClass { public int level; public float timeElapsed; public string playerName; } This defines a plain C# class containing three variables ( level Indicates that the annotated member must bind to a JSON property on deserialization. It makes no assumptions about your database structure or routes and it does not provide controllers or any create/update interface to the objects. Sep 1, 2017 · The first parameter of JSONAPISerializer constructor is the resource type. If you want to dig deeper and learn other cool things you can do with the Jackson 2 – head on over to the main Jackson tutorial. AddControllers() . JsonOptionsmight use same as JsonOptions object from DI in the SourceCode. Serialize the Person object to a memory stream by using the DataContractJsonSerializer. Their main purpose is to save the state of an object so that we can recreate it when needed. AddNewtonsoftJson(); This is a pre-release NuGet package in . Json namespace for serialization and deserialization. Jul 25, 2010 · Pass the JsonProperty an Order value and the serializer will take care of the rest. var options = new JsonSerializerOptions. public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) {. Sep 23, 2023 · Data preparation consists of transforming Ruby objects into a hash map. Call a JsonSerializer method that either: The System. GetService<IOptions<JsonOptions>>(); So this would make your full pipeline code look a little like this: The JSON Serializer API supports any MonoBehaviour subclass, ScriptableObject subclass, or plain class or struct with the [Serializable] attribute. First, create a JsonConverter for the type you want to exclude, for example ICollection<LabMethod> below. 7. These files are automatically loaded when being stored in one of the following locations: All *. The main serialization process has two stages: As you can see in the picture above, an array is used as a man-in-the-middle. All methods are static. In order to do so, the Serializer component follows the following schema. To generate to/from JSON code for a class, annotate it with JsonSerializable. JSON serialization is a big factor in web applications. PropertyNameCaseInsensitive = true. We compare serialization times with Active Model Serializer as part of RSpec performance tests included on this library. net core 6. Background. Follow asked Feb 26, 2021 at 11:43. new(sources) end end. asax via a property. Jan 24, 2020 · public Startup(IConfiguration configuration) this. Deserialize method. jsonapi. This is a particular problem if your object graph contains cycles, because the serializer will throw an exception when it detects a Deserialize (String, Type, Json Serializer Options) Parses the text representing a single JSON value into an instance of a specified type. With CodeSandbox, you can easily Mar 15, 2020 · Here's how I solved it: Exit the rails console, if you're still inside it: exit. var sr = new StreamReader(stream1); May 26, 2023 · The web default is case-insensitive. PropertyNamingPolicy = null); } Oct 16, 2019 · Besides C# 8 and support for WinForms & WPF, the new release added a brand new JSON (de)serializer. For example on a call to serialize, if a whitelist was not defined on the registered schema options, a whitelist (or any other options) for that type can be provided. The example above would want to come out something like this:- Override schema options. var ser = new DataContractJsonSerializer(typeof(Person)); Use the WriteObject method to write JSON data to the stream. c#. 1 (May/2021), we can specify the following to ask the JSON serializer not not serialize null values via the startup. options. Features. Share. asp. The Serializer Component. Provides Dart Build System builders for handling JSON. For this application, I am willing to set default JSON serializer to NewtonSoft JSON. Ignore); I find that overriding the ActionFilterAttribute. I generated a serializer class. If you have a Person model and each person has email and name attributes, then data ready for serialization would look like the following: {"email" => "john@doe. You can provide arguments to JsonSerializable to configure the generated code. Sep 23, 2019 · Serializing objects to JSON using the Newtonsoft library is as easy as one line of code: var json = JsonConvert. 2. serialize_to_hash(PostResource. [JsonProperty(Order = 1)] This is very similar to the . new (object. Let’s start by introducing a simple entity that we’re going to use throughout the following examples: public class SourceClass { private int intValue; private String stringValue; // standard getters and setters } 1. By default, reference data is only cached for each call to Serialize or Deserialize. Sep 22, 2022 · Create an instance of the Person type. Edit: As a useful update: code with the call to ActiveModel::Serializer instantiates one serializer object per item to be serialized. For earlier versions of . as_json how do I achieve the desired serialization. net. DataMember(Order = 1) of the System. Definitely Fastest and Zero Allocation JSON Serializer for C#(. serializable_hash. The Serializer component is meant to be used to turn objects into a specific format (XML, JSON, YAML, ) and the other way around. net serialization deserialization jsonapi. x to 2. Serialize (Stream, Object, Type, JsonSerializerOptions) Feb 17, 2017 · in ConfigureServices with. The problem in my case was Jackson was trying to serialize an empty object with no attributes nor methods. Also provided are fields for typed dictionaries and values that can be either a specific type or a list of items of that type. Use this method to add services to the container. This can be overrided during initialization by providing your own JsonConverter (it is strongly recommneded you extend ResourceObjectConverter ) when you create the JsonApiSerializerSettings . Then, to deserialize from a string or a file, call the JsonSerializer. Installation. Mar 24, 2023 · JSONAPI-RB is a powerful data serialization library for Ruby on Rails that provides a standardized way to serialize and deserialize data. find(1) JSONAPI::ResourceSerializer. Configuration = configuration; public IConfiguration Configuration { get; } // This method gets called by the runtime. Json and as the name suggests, all its classes are in that namespace. Specify the type to serialize or deserialize by applying JsonSerializableAttribute to the context class. AddControllers () . Nov 1, 2023 · Easy to integrate with your existing authorization systems and service objects. It isn't part of the settings used when calling SerializeObject. RequestServices. public IHttpActionResult Get() {. Aug 5, 2021 · In an ASP. Also, there might not be any use of promises at all, so this might change in the future. JsonFormatter. Nov 6, 2022 · Working with jsonapi_serializer: This serializer creates JSON responses following the JSON:API convention. This new serializer goes by the name System. net-web-api. var settings = new JsonSerializerSettings. Use your JSON REST URL to Serialize. createGenerator (prettyPrint) Returns a new JSON generator. The builders generate code when they find members annotated with classes defined in package:json_annotation. We will call it every time we want to send user data from our API backend. Mika Mika. AddNewtonsoftJson(options => options. yaml and *. A serializer/deserializer for JSON payloads that comply to the JSON API - jsonapi. When you pass in an object to the standard Unity serializer for processing, the same rules and limitations apply as they do in the Inspector: Unity serializes fields only; and types like Dictionary Aug 4, 2023 · The serializer handles the id serialization (it could be a non-standard attribute) and the type, which could be non-standard value and not inherit the name of the serializer class at all. Most of today’s REST API relies on it. Standard Serialization of an Object Graph Mar 1, 2024 · Include direct dependency. Oct 3, 2018 · Otherwise adding a null or new MvcNewtonsoftJsonOptions () value could be comparable. SerializeObject (people); Using the new JSON serializer in . new (@admins, each_serializer: AdminSerializer). Outside of Pydantic, the word "serialize" usually refers to converting in-memory data into a string or bytes. The serialized form doesn't include any information about an Oct 15, 2019 · For ASP. To use source generation with all defaults (both modes, default options): Create a partial class that derives from JsonSerializerContext. For example, if a property's type is an interface or an abstract class, only the properties defined on the interface or abstract class are serialized, even if the runtime type has additional properties. 5 KB) 2. xml file in the Resources/config/ directory of a bundle; Feb 26, 2021 · jsonapi-serialize; Share. This JSON Serialize helps a developer who works with JSON data as easy to read. . Development Dependencies (12): activerecord >= 0. The downside is that you can't use instance methods or local memoization, and any mixins must be applied to the class itself. If starting a new app or thinking of implementing a new adapter, consider writing a Handler instead to be used with the RequestManager In EmberData a Serializer is used to serialize and deserialize r Opt-in property serialization : Opt-out property serialization : Efficiently stream reading and writing JSON : Single or double quote JSON content : Supports overriding a type's serialization : Supports OnDeserialized, OnSerializing, OnSerialized and OnDeserializing attributes : Supports serializing private properties : DataMember attribute support Mar 16, 2020 · using Microsoft. xml files in the config/serializer/ directory. end. Since we already installed the gem using bundle install, we will create a serializer for the User model. To persist references from one Serialize/Deserialize call to another one, root the ReferenceResolver instance in the call site of Serialize/Deserialize. NullValueHandling. I'll interpret his question as: How can I serialize my string "Željko Cvijetić" into JSON without the characters being converted to something like "}\u0001". NullValueHandling = Newtonsoft. May 11, 2022 · By default, the JSON and XML formatters write all objects as values. Json serializer can read and write JSON asynchronously and is optimized for UTF-8 text, making it ideal for REST API and back-end applications. JSONAPI::Serializers was built as an intentionally simple serialization interface. For example, you could do that in the Application_Start () method: protected void Application_Start() {. Serialize a collection. Libraries like react-query and SWR (both of which are fantastic, and obvious inspirations for this project) go a far way in bridging the gap when coupled with a serialization library like json-api-normalizer. new(post, nil)) Note: If your resource needs access to state from a context hash, make sure to pass the Jan 18, 2021 · In order to display the data for those linked creators and tags I can do this in my serializer by adding :creators and :tags to the list of attributes: include JSONAPI::Serializer. NET Core 3 is also one line of code: var json = JsonSerializer. Edit the code to make changes and see it instantly in the preview. 0 - August 30, 2020 (22 KB) 2. ref - if present, it's considered as a relationships. configure(SerializationConfig. public class LabMethodConverter : JsonConverter<ICollection<LabMethod>>. Show the JSON output. Serialize method. 9. It is a library, not a framework. Both refer to the process of converting a model to a dictionary or JSON-encoded string. Oct 16, 2019 · However, when we use the JSON-API Serializer, the “type” attribute becomes a class name, which doesn’t work when you have different types in an array. Oct 18, 2023 · However, you can customize these behaviors by: Specifying specific serialized property names. Each level of the options equals to the level of the nested object in serialized object. Aug 1, 2012 · I solved that problem by using a special setting for JsonSerializerSettings which is called TypeNameHandling. Here is an important note from @kevin-babcock setting the order to 1 will only work if you set an order greater than 1 on all other properties. X. Json doesn't support the serialization of polymorphic type hierarchies. For example: post = Post. AddSwaggerGen(c =>. 0 to 3. public DateTimeOffset Date { get; set; } psst: If you need an off-the-shelf admin panel for your app, check out what I build in my day job at forestadmin. For smaller proof-of-concept projects or quick prototypes, using code generators might be overkill. XML. JSON Online Serializer works well on Windows, MAC, Linux, Chrome, Firefox, Edge, and Safari. If you want to produce something that is human readable, you can pass in an instance of JsonSerializerOptions to the In your config. com - it uses jsonapi-serializer to de/serialize data data coming from/to the APIs. slug } end end Update: There is a id_method_name , which can be used to override this. bundler >= 0. new(User. Know more about JSON. attributes :id, :name, :cost_center, :notes. If two properties refer to the same object, or if the same object appears twice in a collection, the formatter will serialize the object twice. Serialize (people); Let’s look at my benchmark tests done at different collection sizes. hour end. 0. So to me, it makes sense to be explicit in what serializer was specified for relationship(s). 0; Migrate from 1. Data serialization is the process of converting complex data structures into a format that can be easily transmitted over the network. Services. If your data contains one or multiple objects of different types, it's possible to define a configuration object instead of the type-string as the first argument of serialize and serializeAsync with these options: type (required): A string for the path to the key to use to determine type or a function deriving a type-string from each May 26, 2023 · Persist reference metadata across multiple serialization and deserialization calls. class MovieSerializer include JSONAPI :: Serializer # Available options :camel, :camel_lower, :dash, :underscore(default) set_key_transform :camel end. Define a serializer. Usage. NET Framework, use Newtonsoft. Yes. The same way, Normalizers will deal with turning specific objects into arrays and vice versa. include FastJsonapi::ObjectSerializer. 2 and later versions, use the APIs in the System. JsonSerializerOptions. Oct 18, 2019 · In this article we’re going to look at the most common scenarios of serialization using the Gson library. NET Core application, you can configure the JSON serializer options used by controllers using the AddJsonOptions method: C#. NET Framework 4. sources = Source. By default fast_jsonapi underscores the key names. Run the command again: UserSerializer. <dependency> <groupId>com. net-mvc. Fast, simple and easy to use JSON:API serialization library (also known as fast_jsonapi). has_many :children. NET 7, System. The System. Custom attributes. Net as JSON serializer. Null handling. all. JsonOptions let us configure JSON serialization settings, which might instead AddJsonOptions method. A lightning fast JSON:API serializer for Ruby Objects. services. first). You're correct about where to set the serializer. Which JSON serialization method is right for me? This article covers two general strategies for working with JSON: Manual serialization; Automated serialization using code generation; Different projects come with different complexities and use cases. This is the only library with resource recursion . Or underscored: config :ja_serializer, key_format: :underscored. NET class with properties and fields that represent one or more of the JSON properties. render json: SourceSerializer. Using a built-in naming policy, such as camelCase, snake_case, or kebab-case, for property names and dictionary keys. OnResultExecutionAsync call is a cleaner route. In the app JSON is serialized back to the DTO's, so in code we have full property names. Click on the Load URL button, Enter URL and Submit. Fortune JSON API Serializer. AspNetCore. NET Core 3. slug_for(seller) end private def self. Rust library for serialization, deserialization and working with JSON-API data - michiel/jsonapi-rust Feb 2, 2012 · Then just serialize the list (or whatever object you want) with the following: using Newtonsoft. Contact. This benchmark is convert object to UTF8 and UTF8 to object The drf-compound-fields package provides "compound" serializer fields, such as lists of simple values, which can be described by other fields rather than serializers with the many=True option. Within the serializer directory you will create a base_serializer folder as well as a folder for each of your Rails classes. Serialize. NET class. I have the basics down but seem stuck on a custom solution. You are working in your Go web application and you have a struct that is organized similarly to your database schema. cache, namespace: ' jsonapi-serializer ', expires_in: 1. You could work around this by exposing the JSON serialization settings defined global. Mar 24, 2023 · JSONAPI Serializer is a data serialization library that allows developers to easily serialize data in a standardized format that adheres to the JSON API specification. Gemfile: install: = Versions: 2. These are the models I have defined, all very basic stuff going on. NET Core, Unity and Xamarin), this serializer write/read directly to UTF8 binary so boostup performance. serialize(roles, is_collection: true, context: { application: true }) jsonapi-serializer depends on the bluebird promise API which is no longer needed with the arrival of native promises. deserializeStrict (jsonString, apexType) Pydantic uses the terms "serialize" and "dump" interchangeably. 0 but a full release package in . Jun 12, 2017 · Option 1 (quickest) At action level you may always use a custom JsonSerializerSettings instance while using Json method: public class MyController : ApiController. cs file: services. When (de)serializing objects, the Serializer uses an array as the intermediary between objects and serialized Oct 27, 2018 · In the jsonapi-serializers this is what is said about custom attributes: 'The block is evaluated within the serializer instance, so it has access to the object and context instance variables. Feb 1, 2018 · Fast JSONAPI is aimed at providing all the major functionality that Active Model Serializer (AMS) provides, along with an emphasis on speed and performance by meeting a benchmark requirement of being 25 times faster than AMS. It supports the same key transforms that are supported by AMS. And I adopt the same architecture as the fastest binary serializer, MessagePack for C# that I've developed. Both accept a single binary argument: Dec 24, 2019 · 0. my_has_many_assoc, each_serializer: MySerializer) Also it seems most people are moving to the Netflix JSONAPI gem, it has more support and is 25 times faster (however please note it does not support the JSON default setting of AMS). slug_for(relationship) { id: relationship. By default any class with an "Id" is considered a Resource Object, and it will be treated as a relationship during serialization and deserialization. In the website we use jQuery to get/post/put the data, so we want full property names to keep the javascript code readable. TypeNameHandling setting includes type information when serializing JSON and read type information so that the create types are created when deserializing JSON Mar 29, 2016 · The first debug is correctly returning the serialized version of the object (in json_api format) while second debug is not. }; var weatherForecast = JsonSerializer. This library is up-to-date with the finalized v1 JSON API spec. There are several reasons why developers should consider using JSONAPI-RB for data serialization in their applications. AddJsonOptions(options =>. attributes :source_type, :creators, :tags. Jul 3, 2017 · 1. Improve this question. Serialization is the process of converting the state of an object, that is, the values of its properties, into a form that can be stored or transmitted. Explore this online deserialize json-api online sandbox and experiment with it yourself using our interactive online playground. All. FormatRequired — Verifies that the JSON body matches the expected %{data: %{attributes: attributes}} format. It can be deserialized into the following type that has Pascal case property names. For the app we used short version of the property names to keep JSON as short as possible. The answer to this is quite simple: Jan 10, 2021 · Step 1: Install Fast_jsonapi and Make a Serializer Directory gem install fast_jsonapi mkdir Serializers touch base_serializer. Find out the Dec 27, 2023 · class MovieSerializer include JSONAPI:: Serializer # use rails cache with a separate namespace and fixed expiry cache_options store: Rails. Please follow the JSON:API Serializer guide on how to define a Dec 23, 2019 · This quick tutorial will show how to serialize a Java entity with Jackson 2 using a Custom Serializer. Please help me how I can do this. I have this as a serializer: class AreaSerializer. Text. Ruby JSON:API serialization performance comparisons. This base serializer will include fastjson_api, and each of the other classes will inherit May 26, 2023 · In versions prior to . 1: config :ja_serializer, key_format: :camel_cased. Here is the syntax of specifying a key transform. The frameworks selection requirements: maintained (recent releases, activity in PRs or issues) Oct 25, 2023 · A common way to deserialize JSON is to have (or create) a . The jsonapi renderer will try to guess and resolve the serializer class based on the object class, and if it is a collection, based on the first item in the collection. JSONAPI. By default, we produce minified JSON. byebug >= 0. qk cp rw fz bw rs dn tu jl hk